Unit 7 “Gerund and infinitive”

The gerund

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:

• Fishing is fun.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:

• Anthony is fishing.
• I have a boring teacher.

The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:
- forget, help, learn, teach, train
- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like
- agree, encourage, pretend, promise
- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

• I forgot to close the window.
• Mary needs to leave early.
• Why are they encouraged to learn English?
• We can't afford to take a long holiday.

The infinitive

The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example:
- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised

• I was happy to help them.
• She will be delighted to see you.

This includes too + adjective:

• The water was too cold to swim in.
• Is your coffee too hot to drink?

The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:

• He was strong enough to lift it.
• She is rich enough to buy two.

Unit 6 “Conditionals”

First conditional

If + present simple, will + infinitive OR Will + infinitive if + present simple

·         If you don’t eat the right foods, you won’t perform as well.

-We use the first conditional:

- to talk about possible or probable future events.

- to make promises and give warnings.

Second Conditional

If + past simple, would + infinitive OR Would + infinitive if + past simple

·         If I were you, I’d take up a sport.

-We use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical (imaginary and improbable) present and future situations.

Third conditional

If + past conditional, would have + past participle OR Would have + past participle if + past perfect

·         If they’d eaten the right food, the probably would have performed better.

-We use the third conditional to talk about hypothetical past events (events which did not happen).

Wishes and regrets

If only / I wish + simple past

Use:

-To express a wish in the present or in the future.

-The simple past here is an unreal past.

- When you use the verb to be the form is “were”.

EX:

·         I wish I were a millionaire

If only / I wish + past perfect

Use:

-To express a regret

- The action is past

EX:

·         If only I had woken up early.

Tema 5 "The passive"

The passive

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.

The passive is formed: Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + participio pasado

• The speech is written for the president.
• The house was built in 1975.
• My wallet has been stolen.
• The room will be cleaned while we are out.

By­ + agent

We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an action in a passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we use the preposition by. The whole phrase is called by-agent in English.

Active sentence: Mr Brown built the house.

Passive sentence: The house was built by Mr Brown.

When we do not know, who was the "doer" of the action, we use someone or somebody in the active sentence. We leave out these words in the passive sentence.

Active sentence: Someone stole my bike.

Passive sentence: My bike was stolen.

Have/get something done

Have something donean d Get something done are both used to refer to actions which are done for

the subject rather than by the subject. Causative verbs are used instead of passive verbs to show that the

subject causes the action to be done

Have something done

-I don´t know how to repair cars, so I´m having mine repaired at the garage round the corner.

Get something done

-I really must get my eyes tested. I´m sure I need glasses.

-Get your hair cut!

Vocabulary Units 3 and 4

Unit 3

Phrasal verbs (2):Travel

Break down: Desglose

Carry on: Llevar a cabo

Come across: encontrarse con

Get away: Alejarse

Get back: Vuelve

Head for: Jefe de

Pick up: Recogida

See off: Ver apagado

Set off: Partió

Take off: Quitese

Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): coger (un avion)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): ir a nadar
Go on an adventure: ir a la aventura
Go on holiday: ir de vacaciones
Hire: alquilar
Pack: hacer la maleta
Spend (a day):  pasar el dia
Sunbathe: tomar el sol
Take a trip: ir de viaje
Take a photograph: hacer una fotografia

Noun suffixes:

Ability: capacidad
Ambition: ambicion
Caution: prudencia
Determination: determinación
Encouragement: animo
Endurance: resistencia
Enjoyment: placer
Happiness: felicidad
Imagination: imaginación
Inspiration: inspiración
Patience: paciencia
Performance: representación
Reality: realidad
Toughness: dureza
Violence: violencia
Weakness: debilidad

Travel and aventure: nouns

Bungee jump: Puenting

Crevasse: Grieta

Desert: Desierto

Summit: Cumbre

Sunburn: Quemaduras de sol

Suntan: Bronceado

Survival: Supervivencia

Travel agent: Agente de viajes

Unit 4

Compound nouns:

Bus stop: Parada del bus

Care home: Residencia

Community service: Servicios a la comunidad

Detective series: Series de detectives

Defence lawyer: Abogado defensor

Exam result: Resultados de los examenes

Football team: Equipo de futbol

Police car: Coche de policia

School building: Edificio escolar

Summer holiday: Vacaciones de verano

Traffic lights: Luces de trafico/ semaforo

Crimes and criminals:

Burglar: ladron (de los que entran en casa)

Burglary: robo

Burgle: robar

Kidnap: secuestrador

Kidnapper: secuestrador

Kidnapping: secuestro

Mug: asaltar

Mugger: atracador

Mugging: atraco

Murder(noun): asesinato

Murder(verb):asesinar

Rob: atracar( a una persona)

Robber: atracador

Robbery: robo

Shoplift: urtar (en una tienda)

Shoplifter: ladron

Shoplifting: urto

Steal:robar

Theft: robo

Thief: ladron (gente)

Vandal: vandalo (destrozar lugares publicos(graffiti))

Vandalism: vandalismo

Vandalize: destrozar

Unit 4: GRAMMAR

Reported statements: tense changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.

- “I babysat for him for many years” à She said that she had babysat for him for many years.

Direct speech

Present simple

I see..

Present continuous

I’m seeing..

Present perfect simple

I have seen..

Past simple

I saw..

Will

I will see..

Can

I can see..

Must

I must see..

Reported speech

Past simple

I saw..

Past continuous

I was seeing..

Past perfect simple

I had seen..

Would

I would see..

Could

I could see..

Had to

I had to see..

Reported statements: other changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech:

- Most modal verbs (should, could, would, might, ought to) do not change.

“You should report the theft” à She said that I should report the theft.

- Pronouns usually change

“I’m watching you” à He said that he was watching me.

- Expressions of time and place usually change.

“These men are dangerous” à She said that those men were dangerous.

Reported commands and requests

In direct speech, we use the imperative to give commands and make requests. When this is changed to reported speech, we use the following structures.

- Commands: tell + object + infinitive (with to)

- Requests: ask + object + infinitive (with to)

“Please can you explain?” à The lawyer asked the judge to explain

Reported questions

Reported questions have a different word order from direct questions. They use the same word order as affirmative sentences:

Verb + subject (direct question) à subject + verb (reported question)

“What’s you name?” he asked à He asked (her) what her name was.

- We do not use do/did/does in reported questions.

- If a direct question uses questions words (who, why, when, how, what) we repeat the question word in the reported questions.

- If a direct questions does not use the questions words, we use if or whether in the reported questions.

Reporting verbs

We can use many different verbs to introduce reported speech. They take the following patterns:

- Verb + object + infinitive (wich to). These are usually the verbs we us in reported commands and requests, when one person asks another to do something.

- Verb + infinitive (wich to).

“I’ll drive to the police station” à He offered to drive me to the police station.

- Verb (+ that) + subject + verb in reporting tense

“Why don’t you get a burglar alarm” à She suggested (that) we got a burglar alarm.

- Verb + for + -ing

“I’m sorry I was rude” à She apologized for being rude.