Vocabulary Units 3 and 4

Unit 3

Phrasal verbs (2):Travel

Break down: Desglose

Carry on: Llevar a cabo

Come across: encontrarse con

Get away: Alejarse

Get back: Vuelve

Head for: Jefe de

Pick up: Recogida

See off: Ver apagado

Set off: Partió

Take off: Quitese

Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): coger (un avion)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): ir a nadar
Go on an adventure: ir a la aventura
Go on holiday: ir de vacaciones
Hire: alquilar
Pack: hacer la maleta
Spend (a day):  pasar el dia
Sunbathe: tomar el sol
Take a trip: ir de viaje
Take a photograph: hacer una fotografia

Noun suffixes:

Ability: capacidad
Ambition: ambicion
Caution: prudencia
Determination: determinación
Encouragement: animo
Endurance: resistencia
Enjoyment: placer
Happiness: felicidad
Imagination: imaginación
Inspiration: inspiración
Patience: paciencia
Performance: representación
Reality: realidad
Toughness: dureza
Violence: violencia
Weakness: debilidad

Travel and aventure: nouns

Bungee jump: Puenting

Crevasse: Grieta

Desert: Desierto

Summit: Cumbre

Sunburn: Quemaduras de sol

Suntan: Bronceado

Survival: Supervivencia

Travel agent: Agente de viajes

Unit 4

Compound nouns:

Bus stop: Parada del bus

Care home: Residencia

Community service: Servicios a la comunidad

Detective series: Series de detectives

Defence lawyer: Abogado defensor

Exam result: Resultados de los examenes

Football team: Equipo de futbol

Police car: Coche de policia

School building: Edificio escolar

Summer holiday: Vacaciones de verano

Traffic lights: Luces de trafico/ semaforo

Crimes and criminals:

Burglar: ladron (de los que entran en casa)

Burglary: robo

Burgle: robar

Kidnap: secuestrador

Kidnapper: secuestrador

Kidnapping: secuestro

Mug: asaltar

Mugger: atracador

Mugging: atraco

Murder(noun): asesinato

Murder(verb):asesinar

Rob: atracar( a una persona)

Robber: atracador

Robbery: robo

Shoplift: urtar (en una tienda)

Shoplifter: ladron

Shoplifting: urto

Steal:robar

Theft: robo

Thief: ladron (gente)

Vandal: vandalo (destrozar lugares publicos(graffiti))

Vandalism: vandalismo

Vandalize: destrozar

Unit 4: GRAMMAR

Reported statements: tense changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.

- “I babysat for him for many years” à She said that she had babysat for him for many years.

Direct speech

Present simple

I see..

Present continuous

I’m seeing..

Present perfect simple

I have seen..

Past simple

I saw..

Will

I will see..

Can

I can see..

Must

I must see..

Reported speech

Past simple

I saw..

Past continuous

I was seeing..

Past perfect simple

I had seen..

Would

I would see..

Could

I could see..

Had to

I had to see..

Reported statements: other changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech:

- Most modal verbs (should, could, would, might, ought to) do not change.

“You should report the theft” à She said that I should report the theft.

- Pronouns usually change

“I’m watching you” à He said that he was watching me.

- Expressions of time and place usually change.

“These men are dangerous” à She said that those men were dangerous.

Reported commands and requests

In direct speech, we use the imperative to give commands and make requests. When this is changed to reported speech, we use the following structures.

- Commands: tell + object + infinitive (with to)

- Requests: ask + object + infinitive (with to)

“Please can you explain?” à The lawyer asked the judge to explain

Reported questions

Reported questions have a different word order from direct questions. They use the same word order as affirmative sentences:

Verb + subject (direct question) à subject + verb (reported question)

“What’s you name?” he asked à He asked (her) what her name was.

- We do not use do/did/does in reported questions.

- If a direct question uses questions words (who, why, when, how, what) we repeat the question word in the reported questions.

- If a direct questions does not use the questions words, we use if or whether in the reported questions.

Reporting verbs

We can use many different verbs to introduce reported speech. They take the following patterns:

- Verb + object + infinitive (wich to). These are usually the verbs we us in reported commands and requests, when one person asks another to do something.

- Verb + infinitive (wich to).

“I’ll drive to the police station” à He offered to drive me to the police station.

- Verb (+ that) + subject + verb in reporting tense

“Why don’t you get a burglar alarm” à She suggested (that) we got a burglar alarm.

- Verb + for + -ing

“I’m sorry I was rude” à She apologized for being rude.

Unit 3: GRAMMAR

Complex clauses

A complex causes gives us extra information about a sentence. It is introduced by a linking word or phrases.

- Contrast: Linkers include: although, though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that.

- Purpose: Linkers include: so (that)

- Reason: Linkers include: because, as, since

- Result: Linkers include: so… that, such…. That

Linkers of contrast

We use these linkers in the following ways:

- although/though + clause.

“So far James has visited five countries, although he has only spent ten euros!”

- Despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that + clause.

“We bought the tickets despite the fact that they were expensive”

- despite/ in spite of + noun/pronoun or gerund

“In spite of all the discounts…”

Linkers of purpose and reason

- We can use the following linkers to talk about the purpose of an action.

- We can use the following linkers to talk about the reason for an action or event.

         * As/ because/ since + clause

         - “As the flight was cancelled, we stayed an extra night”

        *Because of + noun/ noun phrases

         -“He couldn’t go jet-skiing because of the bad weather”

Linkers of result

We can use the following linkers to talk about the result or effect of something

- so + adjective + that clause

- so + adverb + that clause

- such + a(n) + adjective + singular noun + that clause

- such + adjective + uncomfortable noun + that clause